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Analysis Of Selected Absolute Pollution Exclusion Cases


Litigation


Steven Caley
Linda Foster
Seth Friedman
Rahul Karnani
Barbara Miciul


Survey of Recent Case Law on Business Risk Exclusions

The Scope of Additional Insured Coverage - A State Survey
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Analysis Of Selected Absolute Pollution Exclusion Cases

Analysis Of Selected Absolute Pollution Exclusion Cases

Advice to Users:

1. Intent: Our intent was to provide users with a resource to find decisions dealing with the absolute pollution exclusions and specific fact patterns, other than industrial waste situations. For example, if you have a case involving a building contractor you can review the "business of insured" column to identify potentially relevant cases. If your case involves carbon monoxide poisoning, check the "polluting event" for similar cases.

2. Scope: The list is not exhaustive. Since our intent was to examine trends in application of the absolute pollution exclusion in non-industrial waste contexts, we excluded industrial waste clean up cases. We may have also missed some cases.

3. Accuracy: Every effort was made to ensure accuracy, but errors may have been made. Always read the case before you cite it, confirm the cite and shepardize.

4. Format: The cases are listed alphabetically by state. If a court in Alabama made its decision under Nebraska law, the case is listed under both states. The "Ambiguity Determination/Outcome" column answers two questions: (a) whether the court made an ambiguity determination? (yes or no) and (b) if so, what was that determination? (yes = ambiguous; no = not ambiguous). The "Drafting/Regulatory HX Discussed" indicates: (a) "no" = neither the drafting history nor the regulatory history was discussed in the decision of (b) "yes" = either one of them was at least mentioned. Finally, the "Type of APE" tells you that one of the three examples of the absolute pollution exclusion attached at the end of the chart or some similar variation is at issue; (b) the APE is unknown (U/K); or (c) the exclusion is unlike the three examples, so is "different" = "diff."

Prepared by: WEISSMAN, NOWACK, CURRY & WILCO, P.C.
Linda B. Foster, Esq.
Patricia A. Murphy
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Analysis Of Selected Absolute Pollution Exclusion Cases


ALABAMA  
Essex Ins. Co. v. Avondale Mills, Inc. , 639 So.2d 1339 (AL 1994) building contractor asbestos; BI (ind) No Yes/No No 1V
Haman, Inc. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. , No. 97-AR-1495-S, (N.D. Ala. 1998) owner/ operator of lodge release of methyl parathion (from extermination services) Yes No/NA No Unclear
Kruger Commodities Inc. v. USF&G , 923 F. Supp. 1474 (M.D. Ala. 1996) (applying Nebraska law) rendering plant neighbors complained of offensive odors Yes Yes/No No 3
Shalimar Contractors, Inc. v. American States Insurance Company , 975 F. Supp. 1450 (M.D. Ala. 1997) aff’d 158 F.3d 588 (11th Cir. (Ala.) 1998) subcontractor – removal of lead bearing debris lead poisoning Yes Yes/No No 3
ARIZONA  
ARKANSAS  
Minerva Enterprises v. Bituminous Cas. Corp. , 851 S.W.2d 403 (Ark. 1993) mobile home park operator septic system back-up (PD) No2 Yes/Yes No 3V
Townsends of Arkansas v. Millers Mut. Ins. , 823 F. Supp. 233 (D. Del. 1993) (applying Ark. law) (aff'd. 26 F.3d 123 (3rd Cir. 1994) poultry operation and feed mill pesticide contamination of chicken feed (PD) Yes Yes/No No 2V
CALIFORNIA  
Aeroquip Corp. v. Aetna Cas. and Surety Co. , No. CV90-4260RG(Gx), USDC, C.D. Cal. (1991), aff'd. 26 F.3d 893 (9th Cir. 1994) [Mealey's 11/1/91] owner of property leased to a third party UST-lessee's tanks leaked Yes Yes/No No 2
Brian Chuchua's Jeep Inc. v. Farmers Ins. Group , 13 Cal.Rptr.2d 444 (Cal. App. 4 Dist. 1992) automobile dealership UST-damaged in earthquake (concurrent cause) (PD) No No/NA No 1V
East Quincy Services District v. Continental Ins. Co. , 864 F. Supp. 976 (Cal. 1994) Municipal services sale of property contaminated by sewage (B.I. ind., PD) Yes Yes/No No 3V
Employers Cas. Co. v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co. , 44 Cal. App. 4th 545 (1996) general contractor inhalation of fumes during construction (BI) Yes Yes/No No 2V
Grow Group, Inc. v. North River Ins. Co. , No. C92-2328 SC (ENE), N.D. Cal. (1992) [Mealey's 8/25/92] manufacturing plant owner fire at plant released chlorine gas (BI) No Yes/Yes Yes-re: hostile fire 2V
Hendricks v. Scottsdale Ins. Co. , No. [illegible], Court of Appeals, State of California [Mealey's 3/22/94] real state developer subcontractor used contaminated fill (PD) Yes Yes/No No 2
Homestead Ins. Co. v. The Ryness Co. , 851 F. Supp. 1441 (Ca. 1992), aff'd 15 F.3d 1085 (9th Cir. 1994) real estate broker failure to disclose dump site (E&O Policy) Yes Yes/No No 1
Hydro Systems, Inc. v. Continental Ins. Co. , 717 F. Supp. 700 (C.D. Cal. Jul. 28, 1989), aff’d 929 F.2d 472 (9th Cir. 1991) manufacturer of fiberglass bathtubs adjacent landowners claim BI and PD due to emission of gaseous styrene from manufacturing process Yes Yes/No No diff
Panda Management Co., Inc. v. Wausau Underwriters Ins. Co. , No. B107856, (Cal. App., 2nd Dist.) [Mealey’s 4/7/98]; pet. for review denied No. S070172, (Calif. Sup. 1998) management company of shopping center disposal of cooking oil into sewer by tenant Yes Yes/No No U/K
Pepper Indus. Inc. v. Home Ins. Co. , 134 Cal. Rptr. 904 (Cal. App., 4th Dist. 1977) manufacturer gas discharged into sewer, ignited causing PD No No/NA No diff
Gerald L. Risner Testamentary Trust v. American States Ins. Co. , 91 F.3d 152 (9th Cir. 1996) landowner which leased to chemical company chemicals released by fire caused by chemical vapors Yes Yes/No Yes [affidavit of James Morrow excluded as inadmissible evidence) 2
Gene Wong, et al. v. Globe Indemnity Co. , No. C028154, (Calif App.; 3rd Dist. Jan. 28, 1999) 1998 WL 144820 Lessor perchloroethylene (PCE) contamination from USTs Yes No/NA No 1V
COLORADO  
Regional Bank of Colorado v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. , 35 F.3d 494 (10th Cir. 1994) apartment complex owner carbon monoxide poisoning from faulty wall heater (BI) No No/NA No diff
CONNECTICUT  
Danbury Ins. Co. v. Novella, et al. , 45 Conn.Supp. 551, 727 A.2d 279 (1998) landlord lead poisoning No Yes/Yes No 2
FJS Corp., et al. v. United National Ins. Co. , No. 326450, (Conn. Super. Mar. 19, 1998) [Mealey’s 4/21/98] realtor/sold property at issue hazardous materials on gas station site Yes Yes/No No 2
Heyman Assoc. v. Insurance Co. of Penn. , 653 A.2d 122 (CT 1995) owner/ operator commercial real estate fuel oil spill from broken pipe (PD) Yes Yes/No Yes (regulatory) (raised after judgment; argument ruled untimely) 2V
Western World Ins. Co. v. Stack Oil, Inc. , 922 F.2d 118 (2d Cir. 1990) fuel oil seller fuel spill caused by vandals (PD) Yes No/NA No 1V
DELAWARE  
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA  
FLORIDA  
American Home Assurance Co. v. Devcon International, Inc. , 1993 WL 401872 (S.D. Fla. Sep. 28, 1993), aff'd. 28 F.3d 118 (11th Cir. 1994) [Mealey's 10/19/93] Quarry employee exposed to silica dust (Ind. BI) Yes Yes/No No 3V
State Farm Fire & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Deni Assoc. of Florida, Inc. , 678 So.2d 397 (FL 1996), aff’d 711 So.2d 1135 (1998) (1) archi-tectural firm (2) citrus grove owner (1) spilled ammonia during move causing claims by other tenants (2) hired spraying contractor who sprayed people on adjacent property Yes Yes/No Yes 1V
Technical Coating Applicators, Inc. v. United Sates Fidelity and Guaranty Co. 157 F.3d 843 (11th Cir. 1998) roofing contractor vapors emitted by products used in repairing roof Yes Yes/No No 2
Watts-Frew, et al. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., No. 95-00882, (Fla. Cir., Dade Co., 11th Jud. Cir.) [Mealey’s 7/1/97], aff’d per curiam, 707 So.2d 1195 (1998) [Mealey’s 5/5/98]  contractor exposure to caulk fumes (toxic) Yes Yes/No No U/K
West American Ins. Co. v. Band & Desenberg, et al. , 925 F. Supp. 758 (FL 1996), aff’d 138 F.3d 1428 (11th Cir. 1998) landlord tenants employees claim sick building syndrome Yes Yes/No No 3
GEORGIA     
American States Ins. Co. v. Zippro Construction Co., et al. , 455 S.E.2d 133 (Ga. App. 1995) subcontractor asbestos contamination of residence during repair to floor Yes Yes/No No 3V
Bituminous Cas. Corp. v. Advanced Adhesives Technology, Inc. , 85 F.3d 645 (11th Cir. 1996) glue manufacturer BI caused by inhaling toxic fumes emitted by glue No Yes/Yes No 2/3
North Georgia Petroleum Co. v. Federated Mutual Ins. Co. , No. 2:98-CV-146-WCO, (N.D. Ga. 1999) petroleum company UST leak Yes Yes/No No 2V
Perkins Hardware Lumber Co. v. Bituminous Cas. Corp. , 378 S.E.2d 407 (Ga. App. 1989) Lumber company smoke from controlled fire caused car wreck (BI) Yes Yes/No No 3V
HAWAII  
IDAHO  
ILLINOIS  
American Country Ins. Co. v. Planned Realty Group, Inc., et al. , No. 95 CH6956 Ill.Cir. Cook Co. Chanc. Div. (1996) [Mealey's 4/16/96] real estate manager lead paint removal contaminated building and grounds Yes No/NA No U/K
American States Ins. Co. v. Harvey Koloms , 666 N.E.2d 699 (Ill. 1996), aff’d 687 N.E.2d 722 landlord tenant injured by inhalation of carbon monoxide from faulty furnace No Yes/Yes No 2V
CWC Fluids, Inc. v. Yamada Corp. , No. 96L011332, Ill. Cir., Cook Co. [Mealey’s 3/24/98] factory property damage from acid escaping from a tank No No/NA No 3
Economy Preferred Ins. Co. v. Judi A. Grandadam , 275 Ill.App.3d 866, 656 N.E.2d 787 (1995) homeowner minor spilled mercury in another's home Yes Yes/No No 2V
Insurance Company of Illinois v. Katalina Stringfield, et al. , 685 N.E.2d 980, 226 Ill.Dec. 525 (1997), rehearing denied 10/28/97 landlord lead poisoning No Yes/Yes No U/K
Pipefitters Welfare Educational Fund v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co. , 976 F.2d 1037 (7th Cir. 1992) employee benefit fund which owned a transformer electrical transformer sold by insured to scrap metal processor spilled oil laden with PCBs when opened with a blow torch Yes No/NA No 2V
INDIANA  
Employers Mutual Casualty Co. v. DFX Enterprises, Inc., et al. , No. 20D03-9505-CP-046, (Ind. Super., Elkhart Co. Apr. 24, 1997) [Mealey’s 7/22/97] mobile park owner drinking water contamination Yes Yes/No No 2
Governmental Interinsurance Exchange v. City of Angola, Ind ., No. 1:97-CV-176, (N.D. Ind. 1998) [Mealey’s 3/10/98] city contamination from USTs, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene No Yes/Yes No U/K
Great Lakes Chemical Corp. v. International Surplus Lines Ins. Co. , 638 N.E.2d 847 (IN 1994), rehearing denied 10/11/94, transfer granted, opinion vacated 6/25/95, order of transfer vacated by 698 N.E.2d 1192 (1998) manufactured and sold pesticides contamination of soil and groundwater from use of pesticide No Yes/No No 1V
IOWA  
West Bend Mutual Ins. Co. v. Iowa Iron Works, Inc. , 503 N.W.2d 596 (Iowa 1993) steel foundry spent foundry sand used for fill and landscaping violated sanitary disposal law No Yes/Yes No 2
KANSAS  
Associated Wholesale Grocers, Inc. v. Americold Corp., et al. , 261 Kan. 806, 934 P.2d 65 (1997) operator of underground cold storage facility damaged food products from fire No Yes/Yes No U/K
City of Salina v. Maryland Cas. Co. , 856 F. Supp. 1467 (Kan 1994) city operated sewage treatment waste water from sewer backed up into home (BI and PD) Yes Yes/No No 2V
Crescent Oil Co. v. Federated Mutual Ins. Co. , 888 P.2d 869 (Kan. App. 1995) gas station operator neighboring landowner complains of leaking underground storage tank Yes Yes/No No 2V
Regent Ins. Co. v. Holmes d/b/a Rainbow Int'l Carpet Dyeing & Cleaning Co. , 835 F. Supp. 579 (D. Kan. 1993) carpet dyeing child burned by formic acid which insured used in dyeing operation (BI) No Yes/Yes No 2V
Westchester Fire Ins. Co. v. City of Pittsburgh, Kansas , 791 F. Supp. 836 (D.Kan. 1992) city's exterminating services sprayed malathion and diesel fuel (PD & BI) No No/NA No U/K
Westchester Fire Insurance Co. v. City of Pittsburgh, Kansas , 768 F. Supp. 1463 (D.Kan. 1991) city's exterminating services sprayed malathion and diesel fuel (usual method of application (PD & BI) No No/NA No U/K
KENTUCKY  
Bituminous Cas. Corp. v. RPS Co. v. Cigna Property & Cas. Co. , 915 F. Supp. 882 (KY 1996) ammonia refrigeration systems contractor mishap while servicing refrigeration unit released ammonia (PD and BI) Yes Yes/No No 2V or 3V
Motorists Mutual Ins. Co. v. RSJ Inc. d/b/a Regency One Hour Cleaners, et al. , 926 S.W.2d 679 (KY 1996) drycleaner employees at adjacent business injured by release of carbon dioxide fumes from leak in boiler vent pipe No Yes/Yes No 3V
LOUISIANA  
In the matter of American Cyanamid Co. , No. 87-0742 USDC ED LA (1991) [Mealey's 12/10/91] tank barge explosion of tank barge released chemical fumes (BI, PD) Yes Yes/No No diff
Dominick Arcuri, Jr., et al. v. Chevron U.S.A., et al. , Nos. 98-2407, 98-3094 (E.D. La. Apr. 12, 1999) [Mealey’s 4/27/99] Operator of gas station leaking USTs Yes Yes/ No No 1
Avery v. Commercial Union Ins. Co. , 621 So.2d 184 (La. App. 3 Cir. 1993) owner of business (located on property where grass fire originated) smoke from grass fire obscured vision of nearby motorists resulting in an accident No Yes/Yes No 2
Breese v. Hadson Petroleum (USA) Inc., et al. v. USF&G , No. 95-365-Q (USDC M.D. La. 1996) [Mealey's 8/13/96] (applying Mississippi law) oil driller contaminated property while drilling on leased property Yes Yes/No No 3V
Crabtree v. Hayes-Dockside, Inc. , 612 So.2d 249 (LA 1992), writ denied by 614 So.2d 1257 (1993) warehousing, transfer and bagging services emission of PVC dust when hose broke during bagging (BI & PD) Yes Yes/No No 1
Craig Ducote, et al. v. Koch Pipeline Co., L.P., et al., 709 So.2d 288 (1998), rev’d  730 So.2d 432 (1999) owner/ operator of ammonia transmission line ammonia exposure Yes Yes/No No 2V
Gaylord Container Corp., et al. v. CAN Ins. Cos., et al. , No. 73, 381, (Div. C, La. Dist., 22nd Dist., Washington Parish Feb. 25, 1999) [Mealey’s 3/23/99] chemical corp. rail car explosion and fire – release to air and soil of contaminants Yes for one policy, No for others Yes/ No Yes 3V
Gregory v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co. , 948 F.2d 203 (5th Cir. 1991) city as owner of lake PCB discharge into lake caused contamination; adjacent landowners claimed future adverse health effects, depreciation of lakefront property and loss of business income Yes No/NA No 2
Matador Petroleum Corp. v. St. Paul Surplus Lines Ins. Co. , Nos. 98-10289, (5th Cir. May 12, 1999) [Mealey’s 5/18/99] petroleum company release of pollutant from drilling pit onto adjacent property and waterways Yes Yes/ No No 2V
Sandbom v. BASF Wyandotte Corp. , 674 So.2d 349 (La. App. 1 Cir. 1996) tank owner worker injured when exposed to chemicals while cleaning insured's tank No Yes/Yes Yes diff
Shell Oil Co. v. Hollywood Marine, Inc., et al. , 701 So.2d 1038 (1997) oil company p.i. claim by employee – injury when loading benzene Yes Yes/No No U/K
South Central Bell Telephone v. Ka-jon Food Stores of Louisiana, Inc. , 637 So.2d 133 (1994) - (vacated at 642 So.2d 1268) convenience store operator insured's UST (gasoline) leaked and damaged Bells' underground cables No Yes/Yes Yes - evolution of PE 2V
Thompson v. Temple , 580 So.2d 1133 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1991) landlord tenants inhaled carbon monoxide gas which allegedly leaked from bathroom heater No Yes/No No diff
West v. Board of Comm'rs of Port of New Orleans , 591 So.2d 1358 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1991) warehousing services - stored pesticides BI caused by leaking barrels; fireman inhaled fumes No No/NA No 1
MAINE  
Guilford Industries, Inc. v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co. , 688 F. Supp. 792 (D. Maine 1988), aff'd 879 F.2d 853 (1st Cir. 1989) textile mill fuel spill-oil tanks ruptured due to flooding (PD) Yes Yes/No No 2
MARYLAND  
Alcolac, Inc. v. Cal. Union Ins. Co., 716 F. Supp. 1541 (D.Md. 1989) chemical plant PI - systemic chemical intoxication Yes Yes/No No U/K
Bernhardt v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co. , 648 A.2d 1047 (Md.App. 1994) cert. granted 655 A.2d 400 landlord carbon monoxide emitted by central heating (BI) Yes Yes/No Yes (Regulatory) 3
D. Paul Sullins v. Allstate Ins. Co. , 667 A.2d 617 (Md. 1995) landlord tenant inhalation of lead No Yes/Yes No diff
MASSACHUSETTS  
Atlantic Mutual Ins. Co. v. McFadden , 595 N.E.2d 762 (Mass. 1992) co-owner of real estate lead poisoning (BI) No Yes/Yes No 3V
Essex Ins. Co. v. Tri-Town Corp. , 863 F. Supp. 38 (D. Mass. 1994) ice skating rink BI caused by discharge of carbon monoxide from malfunctioning ice resurfacing machine (Zamboni) Yes Yes/No Yes 1V
Hathaway v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. , No. 89-2199 (Mass. Super. Ct. June 8, 1992), appeal pending, (Mass. App. 1993) (status unknown) property owner operated ambulance service and service station UST-leak (PD) Yes Yes/No No U/K
Nelson v. WCC Industries v. Reliance Ins. Co. , Civil Action No. 88-2724, Suffolk County, Massachusetts [Mealey's 3/16/93] epoxy manufacturer exposure to toxic chemical during use of epoxy (BI) No Yes/Yes No diff
Town of Wakefield v. Royal Ins. Co. , No. 94-1579 Mass.Super.Ct. Middlesex Co. (1995) 1995 WL 433585 [Mealey's 8/22/95] municipality gasket failure on oil pump in high school caused contamination to sewer system and water treatment plant Yes No/NA No diff
United States Liability Ins. Co. v. Larry Bourbeau, d/b/a Bourbeau Painting Contractors , 49 F.3d 786 (1st Cir. 1995) painting contractor soil contaminated when old lead paint removed from building Yes Yes/No No diff
Western Alliance Ins. Co. v. Jarnal Singh Gill, et al., No. 94-2748, Mass. Super. (1996) [Mealey's 10/22/96] rev’d  No. SJC-07506, (Mass. Sup. Nov. 10, 1997), 686 N.E.2d 997 (1997) restaurant owner/ operator customer injured by inhalation of carbon monoxide fumes from faulty exhaust fan No Yes/Yes No 2V
MICHIGAN  
American Contracting & Management Corp., et al. v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co. , 1995 WL 854725 (Mich. App. 1995) No. 164506 Mich. Ct. of App. (1995) [Mealey's 7/18/95] contractor berm built with contaminated fill had to be remediated Yes Yes/No No U/K
Bituminous Casualty Corp. v. R.J. Taylor Corp., et al. , No. 203334, (Mich. App. May 8, 1998) [Mealey’s 6/2/98] contractor inhalation of sewer gas and carbon dioxide Yes Yes/No No U/K
Center for Creative Studies v. Aetna Life and Cas. Co. , 871 F. Supp. 941 (E.D. Mich. 1994) school student ill after exposure to photographic chemical fumes while developing film No No/NA Yes 2
Doyen d/b/a Carefree Cove Resort v. Travelers Insurance Co. , No. 90-4091 (Mich. Cir. Ct. Aug. 9, 1991), [Mealey's 9/10/91] resale of gas UST-release to soil, groundwater (PD) Yes No/NA No 1
Ever Clean, Inc. v. Frankenmuth Mut. Ins. Co. , No. 93-76254-CK, Mich.Cir.Ct. Ingham Co. (1995) [Mealey's 12/5/91] waste oil transporter contamination of recycling operation Yes No/NA No U/K
Horner Equipment Co. v. INA , No. 90-CV-10002BC, U.S.D.C., (E.D. Mich. 1990) [Mealey's 12/27/90] sale and installation of petroleum piping and handling equipment underground lines at oil company leaked (PD) Yes Yes/No No diff
Hydrodynamics, Inc. v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co. , No. 193389, (Mich. App., 1st Dist. Jul. 11, 1997) [Mealey’s 7/22/97] contractor sewage backup Yes No/NA No 3
Larson Co. v. United Capitol Ins. Co. 845 F. Supp. 445 (W.D.Mich. 1993), aff’d 64 F.3d. 1010 (6th Cir. 1995) landowner and general contractor who installed gas containment system contaminated property (PD) No Yes/No No diff
McGuirk Sand & Gravel, Inc. v. Meridian Mutual Ins. Co. , 220 Mich. App. 347, 559 N.W.2d 93 (1996) demolition contractor soil and groundwater contamination from removal of UST Yes Yes/No No 3V
MINNESOTA  
Auto-Owners, Inc. Co. v. Hanson , 588 N.W.2d 777 (Minn. Ct. App. 1999) landlord lead poisoning Yes Yes/No No 2V
City of Maple Lake v. American States Ins. Co. , 509 N.W.2d 399 (Minn. App. 1993) municipal wastewater treatment plant discharge into lake (PD) Yes Yes/No No 1
League of Minnesota Cities Ins. Trust v. City of Coon Rapids , 446 N.W.2d 419 (Minn. App. 1989) city owned/operated ice arena nitrogen dioxide emitted by Zamboni (BI) Yes Yes/No No 2
Lyman v. Travelers Insurance Company , C3-95-2460, Minn. App. (1996) 1996 WL 229259 (Minn.App. May 7, 1996) [Mealey's 5/21/96] landlord/ building manager tenants injured by inhalation of paint fumes Yes No/NA No 2V
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. v. Walbrook Ins. Co. , No. C1-95-1775, Minn. App. (1996) [Mealey's 1/30/96], 1996 WL 5787 (Minn.App. 1996) manufacturer of static eliminators which contain radioactive isotopes (beads) product failure caused claims for clean up and business interruption No [beads not pol-lutants] No/NA No 2V
MISSISSIPPI  
American States Ins. Co. v. F.H.S., Inc. , 843 F. Supp. 187 (D. Miss. 1994) cold storage warehouse ammonia leak due to failed pressure relief valve (BI) Yes Yes/No No 3
American States Ins. Co. v. Nethery , 79 F.3d 473 (5th Cir. 1996) painting and repair contractors customer overcome by fumes from paint Yes Yes/No No 3
Breese v. Hadson Petroleum (USA) Inc., et al. v. USF&G , No. 95-365-Q (USDC M.D. La. 1996) [Mealey's 8/13/96] (applying Mississippi law) oil driller contaminated property while drilling on leased property Yes Yes/No No 3V
Trans World Airlines v. Associated Aviation Underwriters, et al. , No. 942-01848A, (Mo. Cir., St. Louis Co. Dec. 21, 1998) [Mealey’s 1/12/99] airline waste discharge Yes Yes/No No V
USF&G v. B&B Oil Well Service, Inc. , 910 F. Supp. 1172 (S.D. Miss. 1995) oil well service company property contamination from naturally occurring radioactive material (Norm) Yes No/NA No 3
MISSOURI  
Assicurazioni Generali v. Neil , 160 F.3d 997 ( 4th Cir. 1998) hotel owner carbon monoxide poisoning Yes No/NA No Diff
Sargent Const. Co. v. State Auto Ins. , 23 F.3d 1324 (8th Cir. 1994) construction company fumes from muriatic acid used for etching floor corroded chrome portions of various fixtures (PD) No Yes/Yes No 3V
MONTANA  
NEBRASKA  
Kruger Commodities Inc. v. USF&G , 923 F. Supp. 1474 (M.D. Ala. 1996) (applying Nebraska law) rendering plant neighbors complained of offensive odors Yes Yes/No No 3
NEVADA  
NEW HAMPSHIRE  
Titan Holdings Syndicate v. City of Keene, New Hampshire , 898 F.2d 265 (1st Cir. 1990) sewage treatment plant operated by city noxious odors; loud, disturbing noises; and bright light from sewage treatment plant disturbing nearby residents (BI and PD) No- light and noise; Yes - odors Yes/No No 2
Union Mutual Fire Ins. Co. v. Hatch , 835 F. Supp. 59 (D. N.H. 1993) service station UST; PD Yes Yes/No No 3V
NEW JERSEY  
A&S Fuel Oil Co., Inc. v. Royal Indemnity Co. Inc. , 652 A.2d 1236 (1995) cert den., 660 A.2d 1196 (1995) fuel truck owner/ operator truck leaked in route Yes Yes/No No diff (trucker policy)
Borough of Roselle Park v. Xerxes Corp., et al. , No. L-6901-95, (N.J. Super., Union Co. May 19, 1997) [Mealey's 6/24/97] construction company UST rupture Yes Yes/No No 3V
Byrd, et al. v. Blumenreich, et al. v. Penn Nat’l Mut. Casualty Ins. Co. , 317 N.J. Super. 496, 722 A.2d 598 (1999) landlord lead poisoning No Yes/Yes No 3
Interstate Storage & Pipeline Corp. v. Burlington County Board of Chosen Freeholders v. Atlantic Employers Ins. Co. , Docket No. BUR-L-2889-90, Superior Court of New Jersey, Burlington County [Mealey's 6/18/91] county-doing excavation ruptured jet fuel line; PD Yes Yes/No Yes - regulatory diff
Kimber Petroleum Corp. v. Travelers Indemn. Co., 298 N.J. Super. 286, 689 A.2d 747 (1997)  jobber UST; PD Yes Yes/No Yes 1 and 2
Nunn v. Franklin Mut. Ins. Co. , 644 A.2d 1111 (N.J. Super. A.D. 1994) property owner Above-ground storage tank; PD Yes Yes/No No diff
S.N. Golden Estates Inc. v. Continental Casualty Co. , 680 A.2d 1114 (N.J. 1996) developer failure of septic systems resulting in effluent seeping across lawns and into homes (PD) No No/NA No 2V
Vantage Dev. v. American Env. Tech. , 598 A.2d 948 (N.J. Super.L. 1991) property owner illegal dumping by third party (trespass) of oil on insured's property Yes Yes/No No diff
Versa Products Co., Inc. v. American Universal Ins. Co., No. BER-L-9566-90, New Jersey Superior Court, Bergen County [Mealey's 12/3/91]  manufacturer UST; PD Yes Yes/No Yes U/K
Village of Ridgewood v. Continental Ins. Cos. , No. BER-L-1806-91 (N.J. Super. Ct., Law Div. Dec. 20, 1991 and Apr. 9, 1992) [Mealey's 1/7/92; 4/21/92] garage operator UST; PD Yes Yes/No No U/K
NEW MEXICO  
NEW YORK  
A-One Oil, Inc. v. The Massachusetts Bay Ins. Co., et al. , No. 4397/95, N.Y. Sup., Dutchess Co., [Mealey’s 3/4/97], aff’d by 672 N.Y.S.2d 423 (1998) contractor discharge of asbestos Yes Yes/No No 2
B.U.D. Sheetmetal Inc. v. Mass. Bay Ins. Co. , No. 3513-93 NY Sup. Ct., Albany Co. (1995) [Mealey's 3/28/95] contractor sprayed dust inhibitor (Zep 45), caused personal injury Yes Yes/No [pollutant = Zep 45] No 2V
Calvert Ins. Co. v. S&L Realty Corp. , 926 F. Supp. 44 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) owner and manager/ building complex exposure to fumes from cement used to install plywood floor No No/NA No diff
Cannon Construction Co., Inc. v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co. , 642 N.Y.S.2d 88 (A.D. 2 Dept. 1996) road contractor contamination to creek after insured applied liquid asphalt sealant to road Yes Yes/No No U/K
Cedarhurst v. Hanover Ins. Co. , 611 N.Y.S.2d 417 (1994), aff’d 636 N.Y.S.2d 1017 (A.D. 2 Dept. 1996) incorporated village 1 - PD due to overflow of sewage 2 - PD and PI due to flooding caused by breaks in sewer system No Yes/No Yes 2
Clarendon Place Corp. v. Landmark Ins. Co. , 587 N.Y.S.2d 311 (1995) nightclub owner smoke from fire killed patron No Yes/Yes U/K U/K
Cortland Pump & Equipment, Inc. v. Firemen's Insurance Company of Newark, N.J. , 194 A.D.2d 117, 604 N.Y.S.2d 633 (1993) Property owner trespasser dumped oil on property Yes No/NA No U/K
Demakos v. The Travelers Ins. Co. , 613 N.Y.S. 2d 709 (1994) nightclub cigarette and marijuana smoke from club entered adjacent store; BI Yes Yes/No No U/K
Employers Ins. of Wausau v. Prentiss Drug & Chemical Co. , No. 20377/90, N.Y. Sup. Ct. (1992), [Mealey's 8/25/92] drug manufacturer product's contamination of facility No3 No/NA No 2V
Garfield Slope Housing Corp. v. Public Service Mutual Ins. Co. , 973 F.Supp. 326 (E.D. N.Y. 1997) owner/ landlord chemical fumes from carpeting No Yes/Yes No U/K
Gaservice Maintenance Corp. v. American Casualty , No. 4072/90, Supreme Court, New York County [Mealey's 4/9/91] gas station UST installer UST; PD; BI Yes Yes/No No 1V
General Accident Ins. Co. of Am. v. Idbar Realty Corp. et al. , 622 N.Y.S.2d 417 (1994) aff’d 646 N.Y.S.2d 138 (1996) landlord/ property owner lead No Yes/Yes No 2V or 3V
Generali v. Caribe Realty Corp. , 160 Misc.2d 1056, 612 N.Y.S.2d 296 (1994) landlord lead; BI No Yes/No No 2V
Gotham Ins. Co. v. GLNX, Inc. , No. 92 Civ. 6415, USDC SDNY (1993) [Mealey's 8/17/93] leases/manages RR cars release of benzene in derailment Yes No/NA No U/K
Karroll v. Automergic Chemetals Corp. v. Federated Mut. Ins. Co. , 600 N.Y.S.2d 101 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1993) site owner bulldozer operator accidently sprayed with sulfuric acid (BI) No No/NA No U/K
LeFrak Organization, Inc., et al. v. Chubb Custom Ins. Co. , 942 F. Supp. 949 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) landlord tenants injured by lead paint No Yes/Yes No 2V
Maryland Casualty Co. v. W.R. Grace & Co., et al. , No. 88 Civ. 2613, (S.D. N.Y. Oct. 15, 1998) [Mealey’s 10/27/98] manufacturer asbestos exposure No Yes/No No U/K
Miano v. Hehn, 614 N.Y.S. 2d 829 (1994) homeowner asbestos No Yes/No No 2
Henry Modell v. Gen. Ins. Co. of Trieste , 597 N.Y.S.2d 75 (A.D. Dept. 1 1993) owner of retail store damage to retail store merchandise allegedly caused by construction project dust/dirt infiltrating premises through air-conditioning and ventilation No No/NA No U/K
O'Conner v. City of New York , No. 18984/87 N.Y.S.C. Bronx County (1989) city department transformer being transported struck overpass; BI Yes Yes/No Yes 1V
Oates v. State of N.Y. , 597 N.Y.S.2d 550 (1993) landlord lead; BI Yes Yes/No Yes 2
Ruth v. Excelsior Ins. Co. , Index No. 124474/93, Supreme Court, County of New York [Mealey's 9/27/94] landlord carbon monoxide poisoning due to malfunctioning space heater (BI) No Yes/Yes Yes 3V
Schumann v. State , 610 N.Y.S.2d 987 (Ct.Cl. 1994) demolition services worker injured due to inhalation of toxic fumes emitted while cutting steel which was coated with lead-based paint No No/NA No 2V
State of New York v. Capital Mutual Ins. Co. , 623 N.Y.S.2d 660 (Ct. Cl.1995) appeal den. homeowner fill pipe for underground fuel tank leaked Yes Yes/No No 1V
Stoney Run Co. v. Prudential-LMI Commercial Ins. Co. , 47 F.3d 34 (2nd Cir. 1995) apartment owner tenants suffered bodily injury due to inhalation of carbon monoxide entering apartments through faulty heating/venti-lation system No Yes/Yes No 2
Tartan Oil Corp. v. Royal Ins. Co. , No. 17941/95 N.Y. Sup., Suffolk Co. (1995), aff’d No. 97-10517, (N.Y. Sup., App. Div. Dec. 8, 1998) [Mealey’s 2/9/99] gasoline station lessor/gasoline broker Leaking UST’s Yes Yes/No No 2V
Sandy White, et al. v. Martin Freedman, et al. , 227 A.D.2d 470, 643 N.Y.S.2d 160 (1996) landlord tenant's employees sued landlord after fumes emanated from heating system Yes No/NA No U/K
NORTH CAROLINA  
West American Ins. Co. v. Tufco Flooring East, Inc. , 409 S.E.2d 692 (N.C. App. 1991) floor resurfacer- installed coating over existing floors while resurfacing floor at chicken processing plant, chicken in adjacent cooler contaminated with styrene (PD) No Yes/Yes Yes 2
Whiteville Oil Co., Inc. v. Federated Mut. Ins. Co. , 889 F. Supp. 241 (E.D.N.C. 1995) aff'd 87 3d. 1310 (4th Cir. 1996) gas station owner adjacent restaurant owner claimed that fumes from petroleum caused closing of restaurant, lost profits, mental anguish, stress and illness Yes Yes/No No 3 and 3V
NORTH DAKOTA  
OHIO  
Ekleberry, Inc. v. Motorists' Mutual Ins. Co. , Case No. 3-91-39, Court of Appeals, Crawford County, Ohio [Mealey's 8/4/92] 1992 WL 168835 (Ohio App. 3 Dist. 1992) poultry processor refrigeration system gasket failed, causing an ammonia leak in plant (BI) No Yes/No Yes 2
Este Oils Co. v. Federated Ins. Co. , No. A9505135, (Ohio Com. Pls., Hamilton Co. Dec. 17, 1997) [Mealey’s 1/27/98] HVAC contractor release of heating oil into a home (third party action) Yes No/NA No Unclear
Longaberger Co. v. U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co. , 31 F.Supp.2d 595 (S.D. Ohio, Eastern Div. 1998) landlord carbon monoxide poisoning from furnace Yes Yes/No No 2
Manufacturers Gasket Co. v. Transcontinental Ins. , 9 F.3d. 1548 (6th Cir. 1993) fuel tank gasket manufacturer defective gasket caused fuel spill; PD Yes Yes/No No 3
Park-Ohio Indus. v. The Home Indem. Co. , 785 F. Supp. 670 (N.D. Ohio 1991), aff'd 975 F.2d 1215 (6th Cir. 1992) induction furnace manufacturer furnace released hazardous agents into air; BI Yes Yes/No No 1
Taza Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., No. 90-CV-0552, Ohio Court of Common Pleas, Portage County [Mealey's 10/1/91]  contractor run off of parking lot sealant; PD Yes Yes/No No U/K
United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Jones Chemicals Inc. , No. 3:96 CV 7703 (N.D. Ohio 1998) [Mealey’s 12/8/98] chemical company liquid chlorine burns Yes Yes/No Yes 3
Sam Zell v. Aetna Cas. & Surety Co. , 114 Ohio.App.3d 677, 683 N.E.2d 1154 (1996) landlord tenants sued landlord when fumes released by contractor while applying waterproofing material to building Yes Yes/No No 2V
OKLAHOMA  
Bituminous Cas. Corp. v. St. Claire Lime Co. , 69 F.3d 547, (10th Cir. 1995) supplier of quick lime quick lime exposure; BI Yes Yes/No No 1
OREGON  
Great Northern Ins. Co. v. Benj. Franklin Fed. Savings & Loan Ass'n , 793 F. Supp. 259 (D.Or. 1990), aff'd 953 F.2d 1387 (9th Cir. 1992) Bank asbestos; PD Yes Yes/No No 3V
Larsen Oil Co. v. Federated Service Ins. Co. , 859 F. Supp. 434, (D. Or. 1994), aff'd 70 F.3d 1279 (9th Cir. 1995) oil salvage company oil line in home cut rendering house uninhabitable Yes Yes/No No U/K
PENNSYLVANIA  
M. Drew Brown and Brenda A. Brown v. Am. Motorists Ins. Co. , No. 94-7505 E.D.Pa. (1996) [Mealey's 7/16/96] cert. denied, No. 97-362, U.S. Sup. [Mealey's 12/9/97] homeowner (property policy) homeowner applied sealant to brick in house; fumes forced evacuation Yes Yes/No No first party property policy
Fayette County Housing Authority v. Housing & Redevelopment Ins. Exchange, et al. , No. 2440 of 1997, (G.D., Pa. Comm. Pls. Fayette Co. Apr. 7, 1999) [Mealey’s 5/11/99] housing authority lead paint No Yes/Yes No 3
Gamble Farm Inn, Inc. v. Selective Ins. Co. , 656 A.2d 142 (Pa. App. 1995) restaurant operator malfunctioning hot water heater emitted carbon monoxide making patrons sick No Yes/Yes ("atmo- sphere" is not indoors) No diff
Kaytes v. Imperial Cas. & Indem. Co. , No. 93-1573 USDC E.D. Pa. (1994) [Mealey's 1/18/94] landlord lead; BI Yes Yes/No No 2
Albert J. Kaytes v. Scottsdale Ins. Co. , No. 97-3225, (E.D. Pa. 1997) [Mealey's 12/16/97] landlord lead paint exposure Yes No/NA No U/K
Lititz Mutual Ins. Co. v. Clifford Steely, et al. , No. 1044-1997 (Comm. Pls., Lancaster Co. Apr. 17, 1998) [Mealey’s 4/28/98] landlord lead paint exposure No Yes/Yes No 2
Madison Construction Co. v. Harleysville Mutual Ins. Co. , 678 A.2d 802 (Pa. 1996) contractor worker injured by fumes from curing agent applied to a concrete trench Yes Yes/No No 3V
Nationwide Mutual Ins. v. Fair, et al. , No. CA-96-1975, (W.D. Pa. Oct. 3, 1997) [Mealey’s 11/25/97] landlord/ owner lead poisoning No Yes/Yes No U/K
O'Brien Energy Systems Inc. v. American Employers' Ins. Co. , 629 A.2d 957 (Pa. 1993) methane gas extractor methane gas migrating from landfill Yes Yes/No No 1, 2
Pennsylvania National Mutual Casualty Ins. Co. v. Triangle Paving, Inc., et al. No. 97-1150, (4th Cir. 1997) [Mealey’s 8/12/97] paver off-site sediment contamination of stream Yes Yes/No No U/K
Prudential-LMI Commercial Ins. Co. v. Meadowood Condominium Ass'n , No. 91-3848, USDC, E.D. Pa. (1992) [Mealey's 8/18/92] condo association pesticide spraying; BI, PD Yes Yes/No No 2 or 3
Reliance Ins. Co. v. Moessner, et al. , No. 95-1899, (3rd Cir. 1997) [Mealey’s 8/12/97] manufacturer of steam generator carbon monoxide poisoning Yes Yes/No No 3V
St. Leger, et al. v. Am. Fire & Cas. Ins. Co., et al. , 870 F. Supp. 641, (D. Pa. 1994), aff'd 61 F.3d 896 (3rd Cir. 1995) landlord child injured while living in apartment with lead paint Yes Yes/No No 2
RHODE ISLAND  
SOUTH CAROLINA  
SOUTH DAKOTA  
TENNESSEE  
TEXAS  
Donnall J. Allen, et al. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., et al. , 960 S.W.2d 909 (1998) water utility company contaminated potable water Yes No/NA No 3
Bituminous Cas. Co. v. Kenworthy Oil Co. , 912 F. Supp. 238 (D. Tx. 1996), aff’d 105 F.3d 656 (5th Cir. (Tex.) 1996) oil and gas recovery company operator contaminated aquifer Yes Yes/No No 3V
Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's of London, et al. v. C.A. Turner Construction Company, Inc., et al. , 941 F. Supp. 623 (S.D. Tex. 1996), aff’d 112 F.3d 184 (5th Cir. (Tex.) 1997) construction company worker injured by noxious and toxic fumes released through pipe Yes Yes/No No diff
Constitution State Ins. Co. v. ISO-Tex, Inc. , 61 F.3d 405 (5th Cir. 1995) handlers of radioactive medical waste neighboring landowners sued for dumping of radioactive materials Yes Yes/No No 2V
Dorsett Brothers Concrete Supply, Inc. v. Northbrook Property & Casualty Ins. Co. , Civil Action No. H-92-2546, USDC S.D. Tex (1993) [Mealey's 9/28/93] concrete supply exposure to contaminated water by walking through; BI (ind.) Yes Yes/No No 2
E & L Chipping Company, Inc., et al. v. Hanover Ins. Co., et al. , 962 S.W.2d 272 (Tx. Ct. App. 1998) lumber company contaminated water from fire fighting Yes Yes/No No 2
Gerling America Ins. Co. v. Lafarge Corp., et al. , No. H-96-3387, (S.D. Texas Aug. 27, 1997) [Mealey’s 9/16/97] cement plant owner release of cement dust Yes No/NA No 3
Highlands Ins. Co. v. Kelley-Coppedge, Inc. , 950 S.W.2d 415 (Tex. App. 1997) rev’d 980 S.W.2d 462 (Sup. Ct. of Tx. Dec. 31, 1998) contractor crude oil spill when contractor struck pipeline No Yes/No No 3
Mid Continent Cas. Co. v. Leonard Bermea, et al. , No. V-95-097, USDC S.D. Tex (1996) [Mealey's 8/27/96] manufac-turer subcontractor employee injured from contaminated drinking water at company Yes Yes/No No 3V
National Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh v. CBI Industries, Inc. , 907 S.W.2d 517 (TX 1995) reh. den. contractor accidental explosion caused toxic cloud over city Yes Yes/No No 1V
Navajo Refining Company and Navajo Pipeline Company v. CIGNA Insurance Co., et al. , No. 3:95-CV-0441-P USDC N.D. Tex (1995) [Mealey's 8/22/95] pipeline company pipe burst causing damage to homes Yes Yes/No Yes diff
Round Rock Plaza Joint Venture v. Maryland Casualty Co. , No. 03-95-00108 TX Court of Appeals, 3rd Dist. (1995) [Mealey's 4/11/95] shopping center owner tenant alleged flooding from backed up sewage line No Yes/Yes No U/K
TIG Ins. Co., etc. v. United States Fire Ins.Co., et al. , No. B-97-187 (S.D. Texas Sept. 17, 1998) [Mealey’s 11/10/98] installer of USTs leaking USTs (diesel fuel) – soil contamination Yes No/NA No 2
Tri-County Service Co., Inc. v. Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co. , 873 S.W.2d 719 (TX 1993) paving subcontractor run off after sprayed parking lot with oil; PD Yes Yes/No No 3V
UTAH  
VERMONT  
VIRGINIA  
National Electrical Manufacturers Assoc. v. Gulf Underwriters Ins. Co. , No. 97-2319 (4th Cir., Dec. 28, 19980 [Mealey’s 1/6/99] trade association of electrical manufacturers exposure to manganese in welding fumes Yes Yes/No No 2V
WASHINGTON  
American Star Ins. Co. v. Grice , 854 P.2d 622 (Wash. 1993) demolition business smoke from waste debris pile; PD, BI; "hostile fire" No Yes/Yes Yes 2V
City of Bremerton v. Harbor Ins. Co., et al. , 1998 WL 401106 (Wash. App. Div. 2 Jul. 17, 1998) city/owner/ operator of sewage utility emission of toxic and noxious gases, odors and fumes Yes Yes/No No 2
Heidi Sue Cook, et al. v. Jerome Evanson, et al. , 83 Wash.App. 149, 920 P.2d 1233 (1996), pet. for rehearing denied at 131 Wash.2d 1016, 936 P.2d 416 (1997) contractor respiratory injury to tenant from fumes when contractor applied sealant to building exterior Yes Yes/No Yes 2V
Kent Farms, Inc. v. Zurich Ins. Co. , 93 Wash. App. 414, 969 P.2d 109 (1998) farm bodily injury from diesel fuel inhalation No Yes/Yes No 3
WEST VIRGINIA  
WISCONSIN  
American States Ins. Co. v. Skrobis Painting & Decorating, Inc. , 513 N.W.2d 695 (Wis. App. 1994) painting contractor left open valve on fuel tank Yes Yes/No No 2V
Beahm v. Pautsch , 510 N.W.2d 702 (Wis. App. 1993), vacated by 520 N.W.2d 91 farmer smoke from fires set by insured to burn off winter grass obscured vision of motorists on highway and contributed to multi-vehicle accident Yes Yes/Yes Yes 1V
Donaldson, et al. v. Urban Land Interests, Inc., et al. , 556 N.W.2d 100 (Wis. 1996) real estate manager tenants' employees injured by "sick building syndrome" Yes Yes/No Yes 3V
Kenefick v. Hitchcock v Federated Mut. Ins. Co. , 522 N.W.2d 261 (Ct. App. Wis. 1994), rev’d 564 N.W.2d 728 (1997) service station UST; PD No No/NA No U/K
Norks v. American Family Mutual Ins. Co. , 551 N.W.2d 62 (Wis. App. 1996) dairy farmer manure pit ruptured causing manure to drain out onto surrounding lands and streams No Yes/No No 1V
U.S. Fire Ins. v. Ace Baking Co. , 476 N.W.2d 280 (Wis. App. 1991) ice cream cone manufacturer fragrance additive (linalool) from a fabric softener stored in the same warehouse contaminated products and packaging material Yes Yes/No No U/K
WYOMING  


1. See attached examples of APEs. "V" = variation of example. "diff" = different from any of the examples

2. Question of fact.

3. Not applied to negligent production, distribution and failure to warn re: product's contamination of facility. Applied to alleged contamination of leased property.

Prepared by: WEISSMAN, NOWACK, CURRY & WILCO, P.C.
Linda B. Foster, Esq.
Patricia A. Murphy
One Alliance Center, 4th Floor
3500 Lenox Road
Atlanta, Georgia 30326

Key to Absolute Pollution Exclusion Forms

  1. to bodily injury or property damage arising out of the discharge, dispersal, release or escape of smoke, vapors, soot, fumes, acids, alkalis, toxic chemicals, liquids or gases, waste materials or other irritants, contaminants or pollutants into or upon land, the atmosphere or any water course or body of water.
    1. bodily injury or property damage arising out of the actual, alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, release or escape of pollutants:
        (A) at or from premises you own, rent or occupy;
        (B) at or from any site or location used by or for you or others for the handling, storage, disposal, processing or treatment of waste;
        (C) which are at any time transported, handled, stored, treated, disposed of, or processed as waste by or for you or any person or organization for whom you may be legally responsible; or
        (D) at or from any site or location on which you or any contractors or subcontractors working directly or indirectly on your behalf are performing operations:

          (i) if the pollutants are brought on or to the site or location in connection with such operations; or,
          (ii) if the operations are to test for, monitor, clean up, remove, contain, treat, detoxify or neutralize the pollutants.

    2. any loss, cost or expense arising out